The poor in the UK

The poor in the UK Talk about whether the poor in the UK are at fault for their destitution and social prohibition? The motivation behind this article is to examine the subject of whether the poor in the UK are to be faulted for their destitution and social rejection. So as to do this, an assortment of viewpoints will be investigated, specifically taking a gander at political and financial points of view. We will likewise consider Levitas approaches in the region of social avoidance, taking a gander at the three models of social talk, and furthermore a basic assessment of Murrays theory concerning the underclass. Meanings of destitution have customarily been separated inside two subcategories, total neediness or relative neediness. Every definition depends on various encounters of neediness. Total neediness sees there is an essential requirement for endurance and this is estimated equitably and comes in types of insights. This is for the most part utilized in government insights. Relative neediness is distinctive in that it relies on an assessment of individuals in the public eye. Relative neediness utilizes what society or a culture sees as the standard. The most punctual endeavor to explore neediness was by Rowntree, who led an examination in York, in 1899. Rowntree embraced the estimation of outright neediness in 1901 dependent on a base week after week salary which was believed to be expected to endure. In this manner, a meaning of total destitution is; Outright destitution happens when individuals neglect to get adequate assets to help at least physical wellbeing and proficiency (2006 word reference of human science) p304 This supreme measure was not famous with the administration as estimating destitution dependent on falling underneath a specific advantage level. At the point when the advantages level expanded so did the measure of individuals living in neediness. This issue was understood when the 1985 moderate government rejected the Family Low Income Statistics for the Household underneath Average Income (HBAI). This saw the diminishing of destitution as far as figures in view of the adjustment in the manner in which neediness was estimated. The term neediness isn't referenced in any of these official government terms, along these lines shows that destitution isn't recognize as an issue to the legislature. The women's activist contention on utilizing this kind of estimation is that it utilizes insights taken from the family with a male provider. Females seem imperceptible in these insights and particularly suggests that ladies are reliant upon men. In any case, there is no proposal that the male provider similarly shares his salary with the family unit. Scott (1994) talks about the qualities and shortcomings of total destitution. Right off the bat the qualities, the estimation of total destitution can be utilized all around across societies and social orders. It very well may be utilized to draw up correlations so Policy producers can utilize this to evaluate and appropriate the salary that is expected to kill neediness. These arrangements would then be able to be taken on by scientists to take a gander at if what is being done and in the event that it is assisting with lessening destitution. A Weakness of this estimation is that it is outrageous. In todays society it is commanded by utilization and a buyer way of life. A few societies consider it important to have the option to partake in the shopper society. The merchandise that can be purchased regularly have a few uses other than just to make due, for instance a TV isn't a thing of endurance, anyway to work in the public arena the TV has a significant influence and a feeling of solidarity is framed in neighborhoods if individuals can identify with and talk about things included on TV. The total measure overlooks this social procedure as it can't be logically estimated as it includes some type of assessment. Neediness estimations need substantially more than simply depending on saying how much cash is expected to live. Relative destitution can be characterized as, extensive, ought to rely however much as could be expected upon free or outer models of assessment, ought to include the requesting of a mass of verifiable information normal, efficient and instructive design, and should restrain, through not disguise, the part played by the worth judgment (Townsend 1979:33) This implies it very well may be estimated factually; anyway incorporate some type of judgment. This relative estimation would incorporate something beyond salary and take a gander at shopper society and culture. Townsends, who states people, families and gatherings in the populace can be supposed to be in destitution when they come up short on the assets to get the kind of diet, cooperation in the exercises and they have the everyday environments and the luxuries which are standard, or if nothing else broadly empowered or affirmed in the social orders to which they have a place. (Townsend, 1979, p.31) This definition covers sufficiently the connection among neediness and social prohibition. Townsends examination of relative destitution led in 1968-9 could think about individuals dependent on the national normal. A significant outcome to come out of this exploration was the hardship list which expressed the 12 things basic for individuals in the public arena, for instance garments, diet, fuel wellbeing and training. In 1985 additional things were incorporated, for example, a people taste, way of life, and financial social elements. Utilizing the estimation of relative neediness accompanies qualities and shortcomings. It recognizes abstractly and are straightforward in that some type of assessment is required. Information on people groups culture can be investigated as far as what their way of life is. It investigates the sorts of feeling a few people have that they might be denied more than others. Shortcomings of this relative estimation is that if neglects to recognize those individuals who decided to abandon the things expressed in the hardship list. It doesn't address the issues of genuine destitution in that those living in total neediness don't having enough to endure. Correlations with different nations are troublesome as others despite everything utilize the outright estimation and use insights as opposed to feelings. Piachaud audits Townsends hardship list as a decent estimation as it included individuals that settle on the way of life decisions, for example, being a veggie lover. He asserts that not having an ice chest for example is more critical than not having meat. In any case, this recommends Townsends list isn't as logical as it claims. (Piachaud 1981) There isn't just a single sort of destitute individuals yet numerous that are or could fall into neediness anytime in their life. The underclass is a term used to defame individuals and was utilized during the 1980s mid 1990s. Charles Murray took a shot at the idea of the underclass and described them by three things; wrongness, brutal wrongdoing, and drop out from the work advertise by youngsters (Murray 1990) Murray wrote in 1990 that Britain has a developing populace of working-matured, sound individuals who live in an alternate world from different Britons, who are bringing up their kids to live in it, and whose qualities are currently polluting the life of whole neighborhoods. (Murray, 1990, p.6) Murray talked about the individuals who decided not to work, and rather to depend on benefits as a methods for endurance, instead of joining the work showcase. In Murrays see, this dependence on benefits was considered as a predominant alternative, not if all else fails. An announcement by Murray to depict the underclass utilizing a basic and defaming definition by underclass, I don't mean individuals who are just poor, yet individuals at the edges of society, unsocialised and frequently savage. (Murray 2001). The term Underclass is a method of vilifying a gathering and that Margaret Thatcher denied there being outright destitution as there was no official government definition. Hardship flighty underclass. John Moore secretary condition of government disability relative neediness was essentially another term for imbalance he asserted that destitution had vanished from Britain by and large. (John Moore 1989) Moderate government at the time utilized the term underclass to arrange and deny there was supreme neediness in Britain. This perspective on the underclass backings that the poor are to be faulted for their neediness and imbalance than those basic disparities at that point. With this negative idea the preservationists were set to cut government assistance if the underclass didn't alter their way of living. This augmented the destitution hole and the moderates were believed to be unreliable and didnt address the issue of neediness in the public arena Instead of considering disparity to be conceivably harming to the social texture, the Thatcher governments considered it to be a motor of big business, giving motivators to those at the base just as those at the top. (Walker 1997:5) This wonder of the underclass attempts to address them as and genuine class in the public eye being at the opposite finish of the scale, for example, the high society. Nonetheless, to be contrasted and as a class it would recommend there are shared qualities that are special to the underclass, there are no proof of this and ought not be a class. (Bagguley and Mann 1992). This underclass point of view distracts from the real reason for neediness and attempts to set the thought that this class is natural when there is no proof. Field 1989 saw the underclass from a structuralist see and bolstered the view that the underclass didn't come from the individual, however from the belief systems that kept up and formed imbalance. These basic causes were expressed as; record post war joblessness, broadening class contrast, avoidance of fast enlarging expectations for everyday comforts and open mentalities falling in Thatcher Britain. Direct analysis of Murrays underclass is that it neglects to be demonstrated by logical strategies and depends on suppositions. The underclass can't be estimated precisely as the gathering is in some cases made to look enormous or little relying upon the result required. The underclass point of view can be misdirecting and not address the genuine issue that destitution is causing to Britain. (Walker 1990:49) In any case, numerous essayists were disparaging of this view, including MacDonald, who attests that both youngsters and grown-ups needed work. They would fall flat decisively the test Murray sets to demonstrate the underclasss existenc

Beauty and the Beast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Excellence and the Beast - Research Paper Example The spotlight in this paper is on ‘Beauty and the Beast’ as presumably one of the most exceptional signature melodies in one of the best Disney works of art ever. The film has been all around adored and is, to laid out plainly, a charming treat to crowds that have seen it. The film has offered a strong mix of sentiment and enough mind to trap watchers youthful, old and the youthful on a basic level. The designation for an Oscar assignment is to be sure a declaration to this film’s quality. Basically, the film is about a romantic tale between a to some degree free-energetic nation young lady named Belle longing to get away from the uninteresting common life. There she is continually sought after by an attractive though oblivious admirer by the name of Gaston. Be that as it may, as destiny would have it and all the more so to place the romantic tale moving, Belle’s father stalled out in the forested areas and afterward caught by the dreaded Beast. Being the c hampion of the story, she valiantly exchanged spots with her dad. Hence, the Beauty meets the Beast and the sentiment began however at first with a touch of doubt and a spot of dread as Belle turns out to be to some degree go between a detainee and a visitor in the magical house of Beast. There, she met significantly progressively peculiar things as there are diverse furniture that can talk. Strangely however, these talking tea kettle, clock and candelabra turned into a type of a scaffold that associated the eventual sweethearts. Gradually, the sentiment bloomed and after a squabble that almost cost the Beast’s life, Belle’s genuine affection for the in any case ghastly and dreaded animal broke the spell and out came a running sovereign. Furthermore, as the saying goes, they lived cheerfully ever after. Fundamental Body Barely even companions As referenced, the two primary characters were scarcely even companions when they met. Truth be told, since the nearness of Bell e in the Beast’s chateau or mansion was just the consequence of a detainee trade, these two were even adversaries. Be that as it may, as romantic tales and enlivened highlights would have it, these two became darlings at long last. In fact however, that is a significant stretch which can be normal from such an element. All things considered, it is s fantasy. What's more, where there’s fantasy, there is enchantment. What's more, perhaps, love do accompanies a touch of enchantment. Additionally, love accompanies a longing to change oneself however this can lurch hazardously to the darker side or climb further up to be a superior individual for the one that you love. Minow (2007) perceives the one of a kind nature of this film which holds the differentiation of being the primary at any point enlivened film to be selected to the Oscars. It was a dazzling film and however the move from adversaries to companions appear to be unsurprising, the story despite everything did equ ity to the watchers by depicting a changing and improving picture of the characters that appeared to be the basic factor for their sentiment to get conceivable. The two characters, Belle and the Beast, were at first cast against one another however regardless of the nearness of a tenacious admirer, Belle was truly single and is accordingly open to sentiment. In spite of the fact that the plot appeared glaringly evident on account of the title, the film did its part in demonstrating the improvement of the characters own selves before building up an adoration for one another. It is reasonable to take note of that the ugly type of the Beast was a discipline from an in any case wayward ruler. Additionally, it very well may be seen that the detainment of Belle was similarly a turning point in her life that has opened up herself to be all the more mindful and delicate to others. Indeed, becoming more acquainted with Beast from a more profound perspective must be the conceivable clarificat ion for such a marvel to succumb to the brute (Minow 2007). A Beastly Beauty in itself The film itself was a sentiment really taking shape. Berardinelli (1991) contends that it was the best vivified film that was ever constructed. Be that as it may, he surrenders that the Lion King was by a long shot the most elevated netting Disney film, the story and cinematography combined with the shocking soundtrack and melodic has pushed the film to extraordinary statures.

Henderson

Henderson Henderson. 1 City (1990 pop. 25,945), seat of Henderson co., NW Ky., on the Ohio River, in an oil, coal, tobacco, corn, and livestock area; founded 1797, inc. as a city 1867. Transportation equipment; plastic, metal, and paper products; furniture; chemicals; machinery; and denim fabric are manufactured. There are flour mills and lumbering, aluminum smelting, and poultry processing industries. John J. Audubon lived in Henderson from 1810 to 1819. Nearby is Audubon Memorial State Park, with a museum and a bird sanctuary. Another attraction is the Ellis Park Racecourse, with annual thoroughbred racing. A branch of the Univ. of Kentucky is in the city. 2 City (1990 pop. 64,942), Clark co., SE Nev., in a desert area overlooking Las Vegas and surrounded by mountains; inc. 1953. Limestone is produced and plastic and metal products, foods, transportation equipment, and chemicals are manufactured. Henderson is a center for defense-related industries, specializing in large-volume chemi cal manufacturing. Hydroelectric power is supplied by Hoover Dam. The city was founded (1942) to provide houses for employees of a magnesium plant. The Southern Nevada Museum is there. Nearby Mt. Charleston and Lake Mead offer recreational activities. 3 City (1990 pop. 15,655), seat of Vance co., N N.C.; settled c.1811, inc. 1841. It is in an agricultural area that produces grain, soybeans, tobacco, poultry, and livestock. Manufactures include apparel, textiles, furniture, metal products, industrial minerals, mobile homes, and foods. Nearby Kerr Reservoir on the Roanoke River offers water sports. 4 City (1990 pop. 11,139), seat of Rusk co., NE Tex.; inc. 1877. It is a prosperous oil and natural-gas city. There is also agriculture (cattle and horses, vegetables, watermelons, nursery crops, timber), manufacturing (furniture, machinery, building materials, wood products), and meat processing. Originally a pinewoods lumbering town, then a cotton center, the city was transformed in 1830 when C. M. Joiner struck the first gusher of the fabulously rich East Texas Oil Field nearby. The site of an Old Shawnee village is in the area. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Rules for Writing out Numbers

Why do so many people find it difficult to remember the rules for using numbers in formal writing? Probably because the rules seem a little fuzzy sometimes. So what can you do? Its no mystery: as with anything, read and study the rules several times, and it will all seem natural, eventually. Writing Numbers One through Ten Spell out numbers one through ten, as in this example: My little brother ate four apples before dinner and became ill.Why do parents always check to see if babies have ten toes? Writing Numbers Above Ten Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example: I have sixty-three dead bugs in my collection.My cousin has 207 bugs in his.This site has given me a thousand helpful hints for my homework.My grandmother is seventy-two today.My little sister had about 4,763 measles on her face. Always Spell Out Numbers that Begin Sentences It would look odd to begin a sentence with a numeral. Four hundred fifty people attended the birthday party. However, you should try to avoid using long, clunky numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Instead of writing that four hundred and fifty people attended a party, you could re-write: There were 450 people at the party. Dates, Phone Numbers, and Time Use numbers for dates: My birthday is on March 16.He was born on Valentines Day, 1975. And use numbers for phone numbers: The phone number for the school is 800-555-6262The international code for England is 44. And use numbers for telling time if using a.m. or p.m.: The alarm will sound at 7 p.m.I make my bed at 7 a.m. each morning. But spell out times when using oclock or when the a.m. or p.m. are omitted: The alarm will sound at seven oclock.I make my bed at seven each morning.

What Are the Advantages of Single-Sex Education

Whatever you choose to call it—single-sex, single-gender, or gender-isolated—an all-boys or all-girls school education can be an ideal learning situation for some children. It was widely accepted in the 20th century and it’s back in vogue, as parents learn more about the research and weigh the pros and cons. There are plenty of schools to choose from too: More than 500 institutions are counted as members of the National Coalition of Girls Schools and the International Boys’ Schools Coalition. And private schools are not the only avenues for single-sex learning environments, as there are about 850 entirely single-sex public schools. Three reasons to choose a single-sex education for your child: 1. Curbing Social Pressures Some children thrive in a single-sex school. Why? For one thing, social pressures can be significantly lower. Your child can grow at his or her own pace. This often is a good thing for both boys and girls, as they typically mature at different rates. The faculty at single-sex schools also keenly understand how their students learn. They adapt their teaching styles to those specific needs. Many  proponents of single-sex education argue that boys in co-educational settings are less likely to take courses in the arts or tackle advanced academic subjects simply to avoid being typecast as a nerd. Similarly, girls avoid the sciences and technology subjects because they dont want to appear to be tomboys. Single-sex schools are flourishing once again as parents realize that allowing their son or daughter to learn in his or her own individual way is a very important consideration in choosing a school. 2. Instilling Healthier Competitiveness Your childs happiness is one of the most important factors in selecting a school. Equally important is finding a school with inspiring, gifted teachers, considering their teaching style, and whats being taught. Will the school help nurture your childs individuality and socialization with peers? Boys tend to soften their competitive edge and become more collaborative in a single-sex setting. They can just be boys and not worry about what the girls might think or how they are perceived by girls. Boys enjoying poetry and playing in an orchestra as opposed to a marching band are the kind of thing you will see in a boys school. Girls often are less shy in a single-sex environment, which means they often take more risks. They become more positively competitive. They embrace sports with gusto without worrying about appearing like tomboys. 3. Eliminating Gender Stereotypes If the teacher understands how to teach boys or girls, they can employ specific teaching strategies and engage classes in activities that accomplish specific goals. Often, girls are empowered to become leaders and boys are taught to better collaborate. In the right environment, students will quickly feel comfortable exploring nontraditional subjects. For girls, this is often mathematics, advanced sciences, computers, technology, and woodworking. Boys  often participate more in the arts, humanities, languages, choirs, and orchestras in single-sex settings. Children are more likely to break out of their stereotypical roles and behaviors when they are left to their own devices. Single-sex education has a delightful way of encouraging children to be fearless, curious, and enthusiastic—in short, to just be themselves. Blended vs. Co-Institutional Choice But what if you’re on the fence? You like what the single-sex education offers your child, but you also want him or her to experience a co-ed environment in preparation for the real world. There are schools that enroll both genders, but divide classes into single-sex learning environments. For instance, many Roman Catholic schools have their own unique approaches to single-sex schooling by offering co-institutional or blended schooling. Regis Jesuit High School in Aurora, Colorado, has two distinct high schools operating under the same roof: one for boys, the other for girls. This is the co-institutional approach. St. Agnes and St. Dominic School in Memphis, Tennessee, blends its single-sex education with co-educational, depending on the grade level involved. Compare the separate campus, co-institutional, and blended schools. Any  approach might be right for your son or daughter. Boys schools and girls schools have many advantages to consider. Single-Gender vs. Co-ed Classroom We have spent several generations advancing the equality of the sexes. Beginning with the  womens suffrage movement  and continuing through to the present day, many legal and social barriers to womens equality with men have been removed. Much progress has been made. With that in mind,  co-education  based on that laudable theme of equality seems like the right way to go. Thats why most private and  public schools  use the co-education model. Most of the time that works well. On the other hand, some research seems to suggest that  boys and girls learn in different ways.  Research  shows that a girls brain is different from a boys brain. If you accept that premise, co-education probably will not work satisfactorily for every child. Co-education does have the advantage of being politically acceptable, however. Recently, public schools have begun  to experiment  with single-sex classes and, in some cases, single-sex schools. Applying the Research Perhaps the most revealing research on single-sex versus co-education is  Single-Sex Versus Coeducational Schooling: A Systematic Review.  This study was commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education and was released in 2005. What were its conclusions? Basically, it seems to conclude that there is not enough evidence to suggest single-sex education is better than co-education, or vice versa. Another national study from the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies claims to show that girls from single-sex schools have an edge over their co-ed peers.   Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies Free Essays

Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies Stress in law enforcement is complex. Stressors vary by individual and because of that combatting stress is law enforcement is not an easy task. Broad strokes and blanket programs are used in an effort to reach the greatest number of employees with strategies designed to prevent and reduce stress in the field of law enforcement. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that a more individualized approach is required to have the greatest impact on officers working in this field. The occupation of a police officer is commonly referred to as one of the most stressful occupations. Causes of stress for police officers can be linked to the organizational structure and the demands of the profession to include shift work, overtime, and years of service. The rigid nature of the organization has been referred to as one of the primary sources of stress for law enforcement. In addition to the stress of the organizational structure, police encounter the threat of violent criminals and disturbing crime scenes as a part of routine daily possibilities. Potential causes of stress for correctional staff are similar to the stress that police officers endure. Stress is derived from internal and external sources to include, prison/jail organizational structure, nature of work-supervision of the inmate population, overtime, shift work, length of time on the job, privacy/safety concerns, threats of inmate violence/actual inmate violence, inmate demands/manipulations, co-workers, specific post or assignments, poor public image, and low pay. Correctional officers and police officers had the highest rates of non-fatal violent incidents at work between 1990-1995 (Finn, p. , 2001). Research regarding causes of stress for law enforcement was inconsistent when attempting to determine the highest rates of stress. Areas of concern for both correctional and police officers that experience work-related stress span from work-related effects to the effects on the employees personal life. Officers can suffer physical ailments as a result of work-related stress that include heart disease, high blood pressure, and eating disorders, etc. Studies have shown that disability of officers has been linked to stress related causes. Additional areas of concern are staff burnout, personal and family relationships that include the displacement of frustration onto family/friends and poor work performance which ultimately compromises institutional safety and creates stress for co-workers. One of the most significant causes of stress in law enforcement is critical incidents and the impact of critical incident stress in law enforcement. A critical incident can be defined as â€Å"any situation in which an officer’s expectations of personal infallibility suddenly become tempered by imperfection and crude reality† (Kureczka, 1996). Critical Incidents in law enforcement are loosely defined because the nature of the incidents can affect officers differently. Examples of critical incidents in law enforcement include line of duty death, serious injury of a co-worker, officer involved shooting, traumatic death of a child, hostage and riot situations. Critical Incident Stress can lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Four to ten percent of individuals who experience a critical incident will develop PTSD. Research shows that 87% of all emergency workers experience the effects of critical incident stress (Kureczka,1996). Stressors can be multiplied by compounding events (i. e. death of a suspect and injury to the officer). The effects of a critical incident affect the officer physically, emotionally and cognitively. Physical affects (effects) can range from headaches, muscle aches, sleep disturbance, decreased sexual activity, decreased appetite, and impotence. Emotional affects include anxiety, fear, guilt, sadness, anger, irritability, withdrawal and a sense of feeling lost. Cognitive affects include flashbacks, repeated visions of the incident, nightmares, slowed thinking, difficulty in decision making, disorientation, memory lapse, and the lack the ability to concentrate. Intervention strategies include a variety of options that have been implemented in law enforcement over the past twenty years. Some intervention programs are specific to the everyday stressors of the profession while others are more concentrated to areas involving critical incidents. The development and establishment of stress programs or Employee Assistance Programs are types of intervention programs available. Programs vary by department and in levels of perceived success. Possible program components include trained correctional staff assisting other correctional staff that have experienced a critical incident at work, implementation of a counseling team, implementation of a stress unit, critical incident debriefing, increased communication with employees, wellness programs, staff involvement in policy making and training education programs. The benefits of the implementation of programs to help employees deal with stress include, reduction of overtime costs incurred due to sick time usage, reduction in staff turnover rates, enhanced staff morale coupled with improved job performance, increased institutional and officer safety, improved relations with the union, staff feeling that management/administrators value them as individuals. The role of the administration in providing support to officers’ both pre and post critical incidents has a tremendous The administration’s role in combatting critical incident stress is mutually beneficial to the employee and the agency. The agency impact is on the organizational structure (i. e. other officers, the department, the public, and families) as a whole as well as budgetary impact that affects all areas (retention, training, etc. ). When compared to the cost of intervention, it is financially more beneficial to the organization to spend money on intervention which in turn also benefits the entire organizational structure. . Intervention strategies specific to critical incidents include counseling for employees with counselors that have a thorough understanding f the type of work of law enforcement, as well as the availability of peer support officers that are specially trained to recognize problems and make referrals. The availability of pre-incident stress education and stress management training for new recruits and seasoned employees throughout employment allows employees who experience critical incident stress to recognize the signs and seek help. Additional orientations for families also provides for information on stress in law enforcement to be communicated to prepare families for what to expect in the event that an incident occurs. References Finn, P. (2001). Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies. Criminal Justice Media, Inc. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/ 214386062/fulltext/ 136F9663B05382C356E/ 3? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Kureczka, A. (1996). Critical Incident Stress in Law Enforcement, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/204132441/ fulltextPDF/136F9D8BC523F17E9DF/2? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Feemster, S. 2010). The Forensic Examiner. Addressing the Urgent Need for Multi- Dimensional Training in Law Enforcement Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/ SocialSciences/docview/859010103/fulltextPDF/136FB22E6C16A280637/4? accountid= 36616 on May 28, 2012 To Quit or not to Quit: Perceptions of Participation in Correctional Decision Making and the Impact of Organizational Stress Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/social sciences/docview/214563577/136FB3A66E950711643/2 ? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Jaramillo, F. , Nixon, R. Sams, D. (2004). The Effect of Law Enforcement Stress on Organizational Commitment. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ docview /211301458/ fulltextPDF/136FB495CC464AAE192/14? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 McCarty, W. , Zhao, J. Garland, B. , (2007). Occupational Stress and Burnout between Male and Female Police Officers Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ docview/211277163/fulltextPDF/136FBFDCC4976A43D80/1? accountid=36616 on May How to cite Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies, Essay examples

Explain Microeconomics and its Demand

Questions: 1.Explain, with the use of demand and supply diagram(s), the difference between a change in quantity demanded of hats and a change in demand for hats. 2.Explain, with the use of demand and supply diagrams, the effect of the following events on the market for solar panels: (a) The price of solar panels has fallen to below the market equilibrium price.(b) The price of electricity for an average household has increased by 50 percent.(c) New technology has increased the productivity of solar panel producers.3. Assume new medical research has proven that consuming oranges will prevent heart attacks, whilst at the same time, a typhoon destroys 60 percent of the orange crop. Explain, using demand and supply diagram(s), the impact on the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for oranges? 4. If the price of a good increases from $6 to $9, leading to a fall in quantity demanded from 55 to 35 units, what is the price elasticity of demand for the good at this price range? Interpret the calculated elasticity value and explain the impact of the price rise on total revenue. 5. Higher education benefits society as a whole. Discuss two (2) measures a government can implement to increase the demand for higher education. Explain, with the use of demand and supply diagram(s), the impact of the suggested government measures on the equilibrium price and quantity of higher education. 6. Assume the government has removed all entry restrictions in an industry where the existing firms are making an economic profit. Explain, with the use of demand and supply diagram(s), the impact of the government measures on the profit of firms in the industry. 7. Critically examine, using the game theory matrix diagram and relevant assumptions, why there is a lack of price competition between the main banks in Australia. In your answer, evaluate both the collusive and non collusive scenario. What are the alternatives available to banks to maintain or increase their market share? Answers: 1. There are two graph represents change in quantity demanded shown in figure 1 and the change in demand in figure 2 respectively. These two particular terms have different types of meaning in economics. As shown in figure 1, it can be made out that the change in quantity demand of a product can lead to change of the price of the product (Mankiw, 2007). For example, the quantity demand of hats increases if the price decreases as shown in figure 1. On the other hand, the change in demand can affect the change in quantity demanded. For example, the change of demand of the consumer can change the demand graph. This happens because the change in price causes the change in the products demand. 2. Figure 3 a) Market equilibrium price is a certain price of a particular product when the price does not tend to change on a frequent basis. Now, if the price of solar panels has fallen to below the market equilibrium, price, from figure 3 it can be said that the demand quantity of the solar panels are greater than quantity supplied (Perloff, 2004). It also signifies that there will be possibilities of price hike of the solar panels in the market of solar panels as shown in figure 3. b) If the price of electricity for an average household has increased by 50 percent then in the market of solar panels the can increase. The quantity demand for solar panels will also see a jump from the past. If the supply remains good the price will not change radically but if the supply demand ration is not met properly that can cause change in the prices of the solar panels in the market. In figure 3 it can be understood properly. c) Now if new technology has increased the productivity of solar panel producers that suggests there will be ample supply of the product and no shortage of it can be found. In that case the prices will drop significantly in the demand remains the same. However, if the demand picks up the prices of the product might not face a drastic slip down. In figure 3, one can see that if there is surplus of a product then the prices will see a down fall. 3. Figure 4 Now, one has to discuss this question by looking at two things simultaneously. Providing the fact that medical research has shown that orange consumption will prevent heart attacks then there will be certain jump in the demand of oranges can be observed (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005). On the other hand at the same time as typhoon destroys 60 percent of the production of oranges, there will be a supply issue in the market. As shown in figure 3 and 4, there is a relation between supply demand if the supply decreases and demand increases at the same time there will be price hike of oranges. That suggests the market equilibrium price will go down. But as the prices will go up therefore the quantity in the market of the oranges will decrease. 4. Past Present % change Price 6 9 50 Quantity demanded 55 35 36.36364 Price elasticity = percentage change in quantity demanded/ Percentage change in price = 36.36/50= 0.7272 As the quantity demanded decreases at high rate with the rise in the price of the product, the revenue earned from the product decreases. If the price elasticity is high, the revenue earned from the product seems to decrease. Therefore the total revenue earned from the product decreases (Sloman and Sutcliffe, 2003). 5. To increase the demand for higher education in the society the government can take several measures. First of all government can come out with a modal that can suitable for the students to compete the students of the outer world. Secondly, the cost of the higher education should be taken under consideration to attract more and more students (Krugman and Wells, 2006). Besides, the structure of the course should be job oriented so the students can find it easy in work places. As shown in figure 3, if government comes out with prolific measures to promote higher studies the growth of the market will certainly extend to some extent (Krugman and Wells, 2005). Therefore, as we can see the growth brings demand and demand brings sales. Therefore, the market will be more beneficiary. As the sale is improved the profitability will certainly improve. As government measures will certainly bring down the education cost of the students therefore the market equilibrium price will go upwards and thus the quantity of higher education will be increased significantly. 6. Figure 5 Now as it is said in this question, if the government has removed all entry restrictions in an industry where the existing firms are making an economic profit significantly then there will be a certain impact on the profit firms in that particular industry. As shown in the above figure 5, due to the government measures more companies will able to take part in the particular market and therefore there will be a huge supply of products. But as the consumers are not increases significantly therefore the demand does not grow compare to the supply. That is why the price of the product will be going down to a certain extent. As a result the profit of the firms will decrease due to surplus of product. 7. It has been found that the banks performing in the Australian market performs in a highly competitive market that forces the Banks from not increasing or changing the price. If any of the Bank changes the price, it will face a high change in the quantity demanded of the services provided by them. This can effect adversely for the Banks (Abel and Bernanke, 2001). Therefore the bank lacks a price competition in the Australian market. Banks can use alternative methods for attracting customers by providing them with better services and attractive offers. This would help the banks to gain a good market share in the highly competitive market of Australia. Hence, it is recommended for the Banks to choose alternative methods to increase the market share. References Abel, A. and Bernanke, B. (2001).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2005).Microeconomics. New York: Worth. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2006).Economics. New York: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Perloff, J. (2004).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. (2005).Microeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M. (2003).Economics. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.

Indian Foreign Policy free essay sample

India’s Foreign Policy Indian Foreign policy pre-dates India’s Independence. This Policy has come a long way from the pre-independence period ‘copy the west’ and ‘don’t copy the west ideology’ to the post-independence turning point decisions like restarting dialog with Pakistan. It lays its emphasis on principles like fostering cordial relations, solving conflicts by peaceful means, Sovereignty and equality of nations and Independence of thought and action. As a member of the Non-align Movement or NAM, it strongly advocates general and complete disarmament (nuclear disarmament is topmost priority). This Policy defines the foundation of India’s relationship with countries like the United States and China with the help of five main principles: Conventional Security, Economic Growth, Energy Security, Prestige Security and Nuclear Capability and Nonproliferation. Over the years India’s relationship with China has improved owing to the joint efforts of both the countries. China has strived to ensure that the border conflicts do not hamper the trade interests of the both the countries equally. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Foreign Policy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page India’s relationship with the United States however spells out a completely different story. The relationship has moved from hostile at the time when India chose to tilt towards the Soviet Union as a reaction to the United States’ affection towards Pakistan. This scenario completely changed after President Bill Clinton’s visit to India in 2000. The major limitation of the Indian Foreign Policy is that the central government often excludes the views of the general public considering they are poorly informed about foreign issues. Although they do take into account the public reaction to the policy while framing it. Even the state institutions have limited say while framing the policy. The business class and the media have a considerable impact on the Foreign policies formed. The rise of China as a business rival acted as a catalyst in increasing the engagement of the business class in the drafting of this policy. The media impacts this policy by shaping public opinion on foreign policy issues in a democracy. The latest Foreign Trade Policy for the yr 2009-14 focuses on initiatives like Market Diversification, Technological Upgradation, Support to status holders, Agriculture, Village Industry, Marine Sector, Green products and technologies and other such areas. The goal of this new policy is to reverse the downward trend of exports along with providing additional support to the sectors hit badly by recession. The Indian Foreign Policy has adapted itself to benefit from the changing worldwide economic conditions. The policy has ensured the protection of Indian business houses and small scale industries guarantee a broader and diverse economic growth. Bibliography 1. Foreign Trade Policy 2. http://www. indianembassy. org 3. http://belfercenter. ksg. harvard. edu 4. Makers of Indias Foreign Policy: Raja Ram Mohun Roy to Yashwant Sinha by J. N. Dixit 5. India Review; Jul-Sep2009, Vol. 8 Issue 3 6. Brown Journal of World Affairs; Spring2009, Vol. 15 Issue 2. 7. http://belfercenter. ksg. harvard. edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy. html

Conflicting Policies toward Minorities

Conflicting Policies toward Minorities At the end of the nineteenth century, the American government pursued different policies toward various minority groups, even though the representatives of these groups were considered to be distinct from the Anglo-Saxon population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting Policies toward Minorities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of them were forced to assimilate into the mainstream culture, while others were excluded or segregated from the community. To a great extent, these conflicting policies can be explained by the fact that at that time, racial ideology played an important role and profoundly influenced the views of many individuals. Some minorities, especially African-Americans were denied the right to integrate into the society only because they had a different color of the skin. In contrast, white people had more opportunity to participate in social activities because they were not considered to be different from a racial point of view. On the whole, the former history of slavery and racism also affected the attitudes of the officials and public. In order to illustrate these arguments, one should first look at the policies of the state toward African-Americans. In particular, one can speak about the legal doctrine Separate but equal that emerged in the late nineteenth century. According to it, black people allegedly had the civic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. However, they were not able to attend many educational institutions or occupy positions in the government. Thus, they were excluded from the mainstream culture only because it was unacceptable to many individuals that black people could have the same opportunities in American society.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To a great extent, these attitudes of the state can be explained by the long history of sla very and unwillingness of people to see former slaves as full-right citizens. The effects of this doctrine are palpable even nowadays, when many black people are economically-disadvantaged. In their turn, the immigrants, who came from India and China, were frequently prevented from integrating into the society. For instance, in many cases, it was extremely difficult for them to find employment. This is one of the reasons why they settled in separate communities. Nevertheless, they soon acquired the label of whiteness. This is one of the reasons why they successfully integrated into the mainstream culture. Finally, one can speak about Native Americans because the state had a very peculiar attitude toward them. Unlike African-Americans, this minority group was not associated with slavery and inferior position within a society. However, they were also deemed to be distinct from the majority of American population. They could interact with the mainstream America in different ways. For i nstance, they could either completely assimilate into the society without retaining their cultural distinctions. The second option available to them was to live in segregation. However, they were viewed as an inferior race by the state. Thus, one can say that one can say that the rhetoric of race profoundly affected the life of many minority groups. On the whole, these examples indicate that that at the end of the nineteenth century, minority groups faced different challenges. Some of them were deprived of the opportunity to integrate into the community. Other people were enabled to become a part of the mainstream culture, but in some cases, they had to abandon their cultural heritage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting Policies toward Minorities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the legacies of slavery and racial view of the world had a strong influence on the state. This is one of the main is sues that one can identify.

A letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A letter - Essay Example It transforms fishing into a share system that promotes consideration of long-term profits versus the short-term profits of overfishing. My classmates and I have been conducting research on our proposal, and we considered its strengths and weaknesses. We realized that one of its weaknesses is lack of political support and leadership, which we hope that you, as our Representative, can provide. The advantages of this fishing program cannot be undermined: â€Å"With a secure share of the catch, fishermen no longer need to race: incentives change from spurring fishermen to capture the most fish they can, to spurring them to maximize the value of their share instead† (â€Å"How Catch Shares Work†). Fishers and companies will understand that they do not need the most number of fish, but the greatest efficient sharing that they can profit from. Moreover, the program aims to enable fishes to recuperate and to allow for steady demand. The Catch Share Program gives an incentive f or fishers and fishing companies to wait because of higher future revenues. The result is sustainable fishing that benefits fishers, consumers, and the environment. Thus, the Catch Share Program maximizes profits, while minimizing the impact of fishing on our already strained marine resources. A win-win solution for overfishing problems that do not overlook the economic needs of fishers and fishing companies is presented through the Catch Share Program. California can set the benchmark for sustainable fisheries, which other states and nations can emulate. As overfishing continues, I urge you to take a stand for the environment and long-term sustainability of our fisheries. Without any viable program, it is not impossible that overfishing will push our fisheries to extinction for the next decades. You can propose a bill that adopts the Catch Share Program and help innovate how we fish and ensure the efficiency of our fishing industry. Thank you for your attention to this important ma tter. Sincerely, Your Name Your Title Your Address Your City, State, Zip Your Phone Number From a General Audience to the Representative: Shifting to Logos, Pathos, and Cause-And-Effect Analysis In writing the letter to our Representative, I realized the differences in what lay people want to hear and what a Congressperson wants to hear. A Representative is a politician. He has political motives that are connected to his self-interests, though he is mandated to serve the public interest. Californians want their local issues to be resolved, but they have diverse interests as individuals too. Because of the identity of my new target audience, I understood that successful persuasive writing is audience-focused, so I concentrated on what a Congressman wants to know, in order for him to take action. I made changes in my writing style, logos, pathos, and cause-and-effect analysis because of the differences in

Case assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case assignment - Essay Example We anticipate this norm by concluding that Michael Dellmon had a clear and succinct vision while starting his company. The characters of effective planning are evident in that Michael decided to avail developed strategies that he would complete by pursuing a low cost/price strategy. While availing the aspect of organizing the structure and management of a given companies the superior body requires to deal with human resources, finance and establishment of strategic priority within the organization. Contrary to management organization, a given entity needs to ensure that aspects like specialization, and division of work is done effectively and substantially so that certain goals are delivered professionally and within stipulated timeframe. The achievement established within Michael Computer Company is evident especially articulating that Michael decided to start his business with a small group of workers. ... Through Michael vision, we realized that for him to grow his business well, he would require to use cheap labor by outsourcing the manufacture of various parts of the computer to countries where there were highly skilled workers but they did not demand high wages. As the business grew, he developed a structure that described the various tasks and reporting relationships between the workers in the organization. Friend-Z’s management scenario Global producer’s works based on accepting lower profit margins that in turn increases competitive pressures that more so, leads to high production value added solution. However, in consideration of Friend-Z’s management we will anticipate various advantages and disadvantages of employing global competition norm. One of the advantages includes the rise of production level, provision of skilled labor that leads to effective services and products delivery and acquisition of customer’s preferences articulations. However, g lobal competition may lead to straining of economies of sales and high capital use setting up diverse and effective management to avail services on time and within customer’s preferences. The above articulated disadvantages and advantages are among the issue that Friends Z’s company looks forward to meet in its business processes. Moreover, for the Friends Z’s to go global in terms business growth and especially doing business in foreign country, political stability, history of business, market analysis, social services and preferences behaviors are some of the environmental factors that needs to be given priorities and looked upon. To become more successful, Friends Z’s needs to avail joint venture strategy since it become

Impact of Information Technology on Human Resources

Impact of Information Technology on Human Resources CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE TOPIC Technology has affected every aspect of human life. Every field of business has been affected by it. It has changed the ways of living of human ,the way we communicate, the way we learn, the way think. It has a great impact on private and business sector as well. It provides huge opportunities to help the development of business. Due to technology many impossible things have been become very easier for businessmen. It has reduced the large need of employees, but increased the efficiency of work. In past times which work required a lot of people and a lot of time to be completed, nowadays only single person finish that work in just few minutes. For example, in past time the work of typing required many people to do that work, but now only a man can do that work in just few seconds. So we see how technology is affecting our business. Human resource management also has its great influence. Technology has affected directly organizations and HR functions. It has some positive and negative influences on HRM organizations and its functions. In this dissertation researcher have going to discuss the influence of information technology and telecommunications on human resource management. What are its good and bad effects on HRM, researcher will discuss in this dissertation. A) POSITIVE IMPACTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON HRM In past few years it was a belief that human resource managers use technology only to fulfill few needs such as administrative tasks. But nowadays it is no longer like this, these days the whole structure of business depends upon technology. A single step cannot be taken further without the think of information technology. ‘The future growth and development of business will depend on the use knowledge of technology, information technology and services provided by them (Barley 1996). So these days information technology is helping businesses to grow and to develop on a large scale. It helps managers to recruit efficient employees, to save their personal information, for the motivation and good leadership if the employees, to finding new techniques of work, to increase profit and for future planning for business. So lets discuss the positive impacts of technology on human resource management: Recruitment of new employees: As we see these days maximum people rely on the internet, and according to the predictions of researchers number of people who use internet is growing in millions every year. ‘Well educated people, who have skills and full of ambitions, regular working with information technology and communication, have more influence of information technology (Bola and Truman, 2003). So many companies are taking advantage of this thing; they are recruiting efficient, skilled and passionate people online according to their needs. This procedure of recruitment is very much beneficial for the employers, one side it provides those efficient employees and on the other hand it is very cheaper and the third thing is it is a very quicker way of recruitment. By postal or any other way only limited people can be informed for the companys requirement, but via internet hundreds of people can be attracted by your job and company. So we see information technology has made recruitments very easier. To save employees full data: Because of information technology the whole data of each employee can be saved for years. Means even after 50 year it can be confirmed that who worked on which post that time. An employees personal details, job title, post, pay, duty hours etc can be saved for future use. Even his or her performance at work also can be measured, an organization can come to know that who is performing in the favor of the company and when time comes he or she can get promotion or can be fired from the job due to bad performance. On the other hand organizations required to save employees skills, work experience, his efficiency on work and his performance in previous job and his salary for that job. These all things organization can get through internet can save on their system. This information that firm can use in future, and if any employee needs any additional training then that firm can arrange it for him. Organizations are finding new ways of work: Because of developments of technology and communications now organizations are finding new advanced ways of work. ‘Communications and information technology is providing a wide range of opportunities to organizations to perform well (Lindstrome, mob erg and Rapp, 1997). These days organizations are adopting new ways of ways of work which are more efficient, advanced, and profitable for them. By using these ways they are getting more productivity and more presence of employees at work. Example: The most relative of changing ways of work due to technology is teleporting, in which method an employee of an organization can do his or her job sitting at home even in his bed. ‘In this term of work, work comes to the worker not worker goes to the work (Niles, 1998). Because of this term of work an organization can save a lot of money. If they will do work at offices then organization would have to provide a lot of facilities to the employees, like a table, chair, computer, and a lot of other things but in teleconferencing an organization can save the cost of all these things. There is another term of work which is being used in project oriented work with subcontracting. Today most skilled and ambitious people do not want to be bound with a company and organizations also hire those people who are necessary for their projects they need their assistance for work just for a limited time of period. So those people are not formal members of the company. It is very beneficial for the firms because they can get 100% benefits of the skills of that man, and they need not to employee him for a long time and if firm starts a new project then they can hire another man required to that project. ‘A huge number of people who work for an particular organization may be still work for the same job in future, but a slowly growing small number of people will not work like this. Part timer workers are the contractors for a limited period of time for an organization, (Ducker, 2001). Better information management Because of information technology and communications storage of data and information has become so easier. IT is providing a lot of possibilities for the betterment of information management in organizations. ‘By using IT an organization can protect its information from outside world and IT also provides simple storage, maintenance, and sharing of information among organizations members. These all are the essential tasks for a better information management (Marched et al. 2001). Information technology helps to improve the performance of a business so to improve the performances. For the motivation of employees: Information technology helps organizations to motivate its employees for better performance. They can offer their employees much psychological, financial reward. An organization can offer many beneficial policies to its employees, by these rewards an employee tends to be honest with his work the organization can achieve its goals because without the co-operation of employees organization cannot be successful. ‘Because of information technology we can think of many changes about the motivation of an organization employees (Bola and Truman, 2003). So we can say that information technology helps a lot for the motivation of the employees, an organization can allow them to know how it is going to satisfy its employees. Like this it can attract other firms skilled employees who are unsatisfied with their firm or organization. Technology used in training of employees: Nowadays many companies required employees trained with modern techniques of information technology because technology is developing with a fast pace and to compete in the industry organizations need employees with the knowledge of modern technology. Organization using technology for the training of employees, they can train them according to their requirements in a particular skill and they can be used for organizations favor and these trained workers can proved to be a profitable asset for the organization. Organizations need not to recruit a large number of employees, who are not perfect for that job, organization can spent money in a positive manner instead of giving wages to those employees who are not useful for them. Another term is related to that is a company can give training of more than one to a single person, it is beneficial for them in case of one of the employees left the job who was working on a particular project then organization can recruit another employee from their own organization on the same post rather than finding another employee with the same skills, wasting time. Like this an organization can save a lot of time and money. More profit for the organizations: Today we can reduce the cost of organization with the effective use of information technology and the profitability of the organizations is increasing day by day with more improved technologies. There are a lot of things to get more profit for instance, these days due to technology; recruitment of people has been decreased. In past organizations had to recruit employees in a large number, their speed of working was less, but organization had to pay them a lot of money without getting much profit. But these days because technology has developed on a large scale so a large part of work which was done by people in past, now days by developments in technology has been done by fewer employees in a very short time period. Due to advancement in technology many HR functions such as recruitment of employees can be performed with less usage of time and resources and organizations can find easily the right persons for their jobs. Another thing is organizations can always keep an eye on the performance of employees, due to this employee cannot shirk work. He gives his 100%. So like this an organization can get more profit, and more productivity. So all these are the positive impacts of Information technology and communication but there are some negative impacts also. So lets discuss those too. B) NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS There are many positive influences of speedily improving information technology but there also some negative effects of it. Due to the developments in this field of business every aspect has been changed, strategy of work, planning of work etc. and it is continuously changing even in present too. So for employees who are working with the old techniques, it is hard to understand new techniques of working. Those organizations which do not adopt new method cannot meet the ever changing requirements of the industry and it is also very hard for an organization to find out right skilled person for them, because persons with the knowledge of latest technology are rare. Technology is directly affecting the functions of human resource management. So these all things are discussed here: Cutting jobs: As we have discussed above that technology is very cheaper and very fast, by technology any type of work can be done quickly as compare to men. So in past a huge number of employees had been recruiting. But nowadays organizations need a few employees with proper skill. As manpower planning a human being is referred as a machine in this technological era means if he is working or giving profit then its ok otherwise through him out. It is not fault of organizations or human beings rather it is the requirement of todays world. Because of technological developments organizations require less but skilled person for employment to compete the world. An organization cannot tolerate the burden of overstaffing, because it is wastage of money, so organizations are cutting jobs. This action gives harassment to many people, especially to them who were old employees of the firm, having comparatively less knowledge of information technology, but now companies have to kick them out, so they do not h ave any other way of survival. People are compelled to study technology. The competition among todays generation has been increased. They have to do hard work to have a good job, but cutting in jobs harass them. Unsatisfied employees of the company: Organizations are using advanced technology in their work to get more profit and to be more efficient but this makes many employees unsatisfied and angry with the organization because they do not know about that technology and how to deal with that, and they also afraid of to lose their job. So it results in strike or other activities like this which affect the whole structure of the organization. The latest example is ‘royal mails strike and strikes in bus and train departments because all these companies want to adopt new and advanced techniques but their employees are unsatisfied with them. The reason is same because they do not know how to deal with rapid changes in firms technology, they are also afraid of losing their jobs. Skill shortage for organizations: As we know that using new technology in todays era is necessary for organizations, but to use that technology properly organizations need proper skilled persons for each project but there is a shortage of skilled persons for the organizations, because people are known to last techniques of work, and if an organization immediately decides to adopt new technology then it results in shortage of skilled workers. For example, in last time period, Australian organization experienced growth in economic era, but suddenly they also faced crises due to the same problem of skill shortage as they want to adopt new technologies. So this thing is more challenging for the organizations, because on one time they have to consider about so many things, like they have to manage their staff properly, have to satisfy the needs of their staff, and have to maintain themselves in this competitive industry. Expenditure on employees for further training: To get employees with proper skills organizations have to train people themselves with new technology, it costs a lot. Organization spend a lot of money on the training of people, but it is not guaranteed that all of them who are taking training will be able to perform a good job, will stay in your company and work with you for long time. All these things are not guaranteed. Moreover, other thing is technology is changing day by day, so in future a new technology can be introduced so it will cost again for the organization to retrain their employees with these changes, so all these factors are affecting organizations. Hard to do for old people: If a company is adopting new technology, but its old employees who are working with them for a long time cannot tolerate this change because they are working with old techniques and new ones are difficult to understand for them. On the other hand, organizations also not want to train those people because they want to use new ideas from new generation and if organization will train those old people then it will cost them a lot because those people are near to retirement and spending money on them will be wastage. Next thing is due to changes in technology organizations are transforming people to one side to another side. So it irritates them a lot and results in strike etc. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Performance management is the process of creating a work environment or setting in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization. Many writers and consultants are using the term â€Å"performance management† as a substitution for the traditional appraisal system. I encourage you to think of the term in this broader work system context. A performance management system includes the following actions. Develop clear job descriptions. Select appropriate people with an appropriate selection process. Negotiate requirements and accomplishment-based performance standards, outcomes, and measures. vProvide effective orientation, education, and training. Provide on-going coaching and feedback. As companies reorganize to gain competitive edge, human resources plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees. Effectively managing and utilizing people. Increasing the innovation, creativity and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness. Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development and inter-organizational mobility. Managing the implementation and integration of technology through improved staffing, training and communication with employees. PROBLEM STATEMENT To explore how much information technology is deeply rooted in the organization and effect the efficiency of employees in ICI Paints. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To find out the impacts of information technology on the ICI paints. To see the impact of independent variables i.e., data processing, work burden, record keeping, on the dependent variable efficiency of employees in ICI Paints. In this study researcher try to find out to what extent the work has become easy because of the use of computer based information technology in ICI Paints. HYPOTHESIS H1Information Technology is designed to make people more effective and efficient when performing daily activities. HoInformation Technology is not designed to make people more effective and efficient when performing daily activities. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It has great advantage for H.R. It is useful for human resource department as well as executive level management. It has benefit of future and future decisions. It is useful for common people who are working in Human Resource Department and Accounts Department. It is helpful for maintaining records and retrieving records. It gives analysis reports of the employees. It helps for H.R managers for hiring the new employees in particular job. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Purpose of this research is to understand and to analyze the process of development of I.T to enhance the efficiency of H.R, so as to have better understanding of the MIS and to make an informed judgment about the future decisions. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the process of development of I.T in HRM. Main purpose is to achieve future objectives of the organization. CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW To understand the nature of the IT impact on human resource and firm performance, we must consider the fit between the characteristics of the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue and Thompson 1995). Since the primary responsibility of professionals in public accounting firms involves information-intensive activities (Auditing Concepts Committee [ACC] 1972) such as gathering, organizing, processing, evaluating, and presenting data, the use of IT is likely to improve the productivity of accounting professionals (Pinsonneault and Rivard 1998). Teamwork is critical in a public accounting firm as audit engagements are performed by teams composed of professionals at different ranks. Therefore, the use of groupware technology is also expected to improve work collaboration and communication within teams, and thus enhance their productivity (Ellis et al. 1991). Although previous IT research has examined the impact of IT investments on firm performance in different industries such as manufacturing (Barua et al. 1995), banking (Parsons et al. 1993), insurance (Francalanci and Galal 1998), healthcare (Menon et al. 2000), and retailing (Reardon et al. 1996), empirical research has not examined the professional services industry, such as public accounting firms, in which information and knowledge work play a prominent role. Hence, examining the impact of IT implementation on public accounting firm productivity is of considerable interest to both academic inquiry and practice. Exploration of the productivity impact of IT implementation requires the recognition that the conversion from IT expenditure to business performance enhancement is a longitudinal process (Soh and Markus 1995). Proper IT management is essential to convert IT expenditure to IT assets. Appropriate use of IT assets generates organizational innovations and redesigned business processes, and favorable competitive dynamics enable improved organizational performance due to these organizational innovations. Davern and Kauffman (2000) extended this IT conversion process sequence to emphasize the importance of considering the impact of IT planning and selection activities on realized IT value. A few field studies have explored the longitudinal IT conversion process to identify the factors at different points of the process that determine the success of IT adoption. Venkatesh and Davis (2000) found that at different time points before and after IT implementation, factors such as subjective norm, voluntariness, job relevance, and output quality consistently influence users perceptions about the usefulness of the systems. Bergeron and Raymond (1997) reported that organizational support, implementation process, and control procedures impacted the initial realization of benefits from Electronic Data Inter exchange (EDI) adoption, but three years later, only organizational support and control procedures remained significant. While these studies have examined factors that may impact the IT value creation process, they did not estimate the improvement in firm performance, if any, due to IT implementation. Lucas et al. (1996) conducted a case study of the introduction of a financial imaging system at Merrill Lynch. Comparing the data flow diagrams of the old and the new business processes, they identified changes in organization structure, workflows, and operations. They reported improvement in customer service and reduction in costs. However, they did not conduct any statistical evaluation of improvement in firm performance after IT implementation. Some cross-sectional studies of IT impact have compared the business performance of firms with IT to those without IT, and statistically estimated the impact. Using data from Hardees fast food chain, Banker et al. (1990) compared the performance of the restaurants deploying the Positran technology (a computerized cash register point-of-sale and order-coordination technology) to those without Positran. They found that the use of the Positran technology is associated with a significantly greater productivity for stores with high diversity of sales. Analyzing data for 107 banks, Pennings (1995) found that the banks with ATM adoptions incurred significantly less non personnel operating expenses than those without. There are several IT productivity studies that evaluate the contribution of IT as an input factor in the production function, for example, Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1995) and Barua and Lee (1997) estimated the economic production function using cross-sectional data to evaluate the marginal contribution of IT on output. Wang et al. (1997) and Shafer and Byrd (2000) employed DEA to evaluate the role of IT investments in firm production. Our research differs from this stream of research in two important ways. We consider EU adoption as an event and evaluate the extent to which it shifts the production function for a firm, instead of the marginal contribution of the IT input that differs cross-sectional. Thus, we make a longitudinal instead of cross-sectional comparison of the impact of IT implementation. For IT to positively impact a users performance there should be a good fit between the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue 1995). In addition, training is a significant determinant of the IT users effectiveness (Igbaria 1990). The FIRM has designed the new IT program to fit the requirements of its professionals, and enforced the training in the use of the software. Our field interviews suggest that the IT changes had a positive impact on the auditors performance. Since an audit team is composed of professionals at different ranks (such as managers, seniors, and juniors) with different job responsibilities (Carmichael and Willingham 1989), IT adoption may benefit audit professionals at different ranks in different ways. IT Impact on Auditors The primary tasks that junior auditors perform are assigned audit procedures and preparation of working papers. Most of these tasks are relatively repetitive and involve substantial calculations and referencing across different accounts. Computer applications can automate such structured tasks and substantially reduce the processing time (Abbe and King 1988). In addition, the reduction in monotone work allows individuals to concentrate on more complex tasks and enhance their individual performance (Giuliano 1982). Our field interviews indicate that the principal benefits to a junior auditor from the IT changes are the savings in effort and the reduction in errors afforded by the electronic preparation of working papers. Incorrect computation is one of the major causes for misstatement (Bell et al. 1998), and by reducing such errors; IT use also benefits other audit team members. A junior auditor describes his experience using the new computerized systems as follows: The most important benefit to me is that I can develop the working papers electronically. Without the computer, I have to write down all the numbers by hand and make difficult calculations using a calculator. Sometimes I need to repeat the same entry several times on different sheets. For example, the amount of cash may appear on the balance sheet, the working trial balance, the cash flow schedule, the bank reconciliation and so on, and all the numbers are the same or related. I have to be very careful when I write those numbers down. It is very tedious! However, using the audit software, I only need to key in the entry once and make the appropriate choice. Then, all the related numbers are generated automatically and cross-referenced, and there is no need to punch any keys on a calculator. With a computer, my working hours on an engagement can be reduced by more than half of that without the computer. As the middle-level member of an audit team, a senior auditor assists in audit plan development, organization of audit activities, and supervision and review of the work of junior auditors. The firms audit software organized all required audit procedures in a common list and cross-referenced them to items in the working papers. Since electronic presentation of information facilitates users information acquisition (Jones et al. 1993), a senior auditor is likely to benefit from the convenient information gathering and organization enabled by the new software. A senior in the FIRM describes her favorite IT helper as follows: I like to use the audit software to edit my audit plan and programs. It helps me get organized. The software lists all the necessary planning items for me, so I dont need to worry about missing an important element. All related forms are available by clicking a button, which is really convenient. In addition, we also have a database of document templates that I can use for almost all occasions. IT Impact on Managers As supervisors and reviewers, audit managers do not benefit directly from the audit automation process, except for the convenience of computer-based presentation of information. Analyzing survey data from 260 public managers, Kraemer et al. (1993) found that managers perceived computer-based information to be more useful. Since the firms audit software organizes all audit evidence collected by juniors and seniors in an electronic format, audit managers are likely to be more effective when reviewing such data. Since the order of audit working paper documentation can impact the decision of the reviewers (Ricchiute 1992), electronic working papers that comply with a regular organization should provide more consistent audit decision quality. An audit manager expresses his support for electronic working papers as follows: I dont use many functions of electronic working paper software. I just review its output. However, I do enjoy the neat screen output because everything is clear. Also, every item is cross-referenced which makes it easy for me to trace them. I can easily switch around and search for the items I want to see. In the Notes, the FIRM includes various local and international databases regarding companies, industries, and regulations. Managers can easily search for information relevant to a certain client to help them perform analytical review (Cohen et al. 2000). In addition, the information in the databases is more reliable and objective (Reimers and Fennema 1999). The FIRM has also created some exclusive case databases that can be shared by its professionals. Such knowledge-sharing applications have been found to improve the quality of decision making (Orlikowski 1997). A manager describes his experience as follows: Our Notes database has helped me increase my professional knowledge. We share our case experience, and business regulations using the database. It helps a lot in problem solving and keeps me updated on the current trend. IT Impact at the Business Process Level A current trend is to create a paperless office environment that replaces paper documents with electronic documents so that information can be accessed easily and with much less effort. In the practitioner-oriented literature, advantages of a paperless office in improving work efficiency and reducing operating costs have been reported (Hunton 1994). Together with the audit software, the FIRM created a client database to store all related audit files for each client. The documents in the database can be easily retrieved by a search function or with associated links. Consequently, auditors in the same team can share audit files and significantly reduce the coordination effort of the senior auditors (Salamasick et al. 1995). An audit senior at the FIRM also observed that database storage allows quick reference and modification from previous audit plans and reports for the client and, consequently, work hours for a client can be reduced significantly. In addition, the FIRM uses Notes as a tool to manage internal resources and documents to save time and increase effectiveness. IT Impact at the Work Group Level A professional service firm stands to benefit substantially from the knowledge-sharing applications (Vandenbosch and Ginzberg 1996). The Professional Development Department in the FIRM updates the Notes database everyday and communicates the update to everyone by email. To encourage audit professionals to collaborate, a Question and Answer electronic bulletin board in the Notes was set up for the discussion of all types of work-related questions. The Professional Development Department checks the board periodically and ensures responses to all the questions. Network applications that enable real-time information circulation can also facilitate communications efficiency in a public accounting firm (Zarowin 1994). Email is the most important network application for the professionals in the FIRM to communicate with each other, clients, and overseas colle

Lessee Ltd.- Lease Case

| Lessee Ltd. – Lease Case| | | | | | 1. Was the junior accountant’s analysis correct? Why or why not? No, the junior accountant’s analysis is not correct in classifying the lease as an operating lease in accordance with IFRS. Whether or not a lease is classified as a finance or an operating lease depends on if all of the benefits as well as risks of ownership have been shifted from the lessor to the lessee.According to IAS 17-10(d), a lease must be classified as a finance if either â€Å"the lease term is for the major portion of the asset’s economic life† or â€Å"at the inception of the lease the present value of the minimum payment amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the lease asset. † With regards to this case, the term of the lease is equal to 75% of the equipment’s useful life. Also, the present value of the annual payments would equal $263,716 with the fair value of asset only being $265,000, which makes the present value of the minimum lease payment 99. % of the fair value of the leased asset. With these criteria being met it satisfies the requirements of IAS 17 and would therefore be classified as a finance lease 2. Was the senior accountant’s analysis correct? Why or why not? The senior accountant’s analysis is correct according to IAS 17. The way the senior accountant lays out his thought process in a step-by-step process creates a nice â€Å"checklist† to compare to the IAS.Beginning with step one, the senior accountant classifies the lease as a finance lease on the terms that the life of the contract encompasses the majority of the equipment’s useful life. According to IAS 17. 10, the senior accountant is correct. Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form. Situations that would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease include the following: [IAS 17. 0 ] * the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term * the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price which is expected to be sufficiently lower than fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable that, at the inception of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised * the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset, even if title is not transferred * at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset * the lease assets are of a specialized nature such that only the lessee can use them without major modifications being made In his second step, the senior accountant uses the wrong interest rate. He states, â€Å"Since the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is greater than the lessor’s implicit rate in the lease, compute the present value of the minimum lease payme nts using the 11 percent rate. † This is wrong because IFRS does not permit the lessee to use the incremental rate if the implicate rate known. He should have used %10 for his calculations. At commencement of the lease term, finance leases should be recorded as an asset and a liability at the lower of the fair value of the asset and the present value of the minimum lease payments (discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease, if practicable, or else at the entity's incremental borrowing rate) [IAS 17. 20] * PV of the minimum lease payments = $100,000Ãâ€"2. 4896 + $20,000 x 0. 7513 = $263,716 Lastly, the senior accountant uses the wrong number from step 2 and therefore is incorrect in determining the amortization tables. Table 1 below shows the corrected table. * Finance lease payments should be apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability (the finance charge to be allocated so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability) [IAS 17. 25] * The depreciation policy for assets held under finance leases should be consistent with that for owned assets.If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership at the end of the lease – the asset should be depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the life of the asset [IAS 17. 27] 3. How would the answer differ under U. S. GAPP? Under U. S. GAAP many things in the Senior Accountant’s computations would change. First you would allocate the payments based on the 10 percent implicit rate from the lessor not the 11 percent incremental borrowing rate from the lessee. This would change the total Lease Obligation to $263,716. Below is the new table allocating payments between interest and lease obligation. Table [ 1 ] Year| Cash pmt| Interest expense (10%)| Reduction in Lease Obligation| Balance of Lease Obligation| 0| | | | $263,716| | $100,000| $26,372| $75,131| $190,088| 2| $100,000| $19,009| $80,991| $109,097| 3| $100,000| $10,910| $89090| $20,007| The balance is the residual value at the end of the lease ($20,007? $20,000). The journal entry to record the lease obligation would have to change based on the correct percentage. Leased Equipment under Capital Lease $263,716 Lease payable$263,716 The correct journal entry to record Year 1 payment would be: Rent Expense $2,000 Interest Expense$26,372 Lease payable$73,628 Cash$102,000 There would not be any depreciation recorded on this leased equipment due to the title not transferring or a bargain purchase option.

Education and Globalization Essay

This research attempts to investigate the importance of technical & vocational institution. This research is also carried out to find out the various methods objective of research. What is the expectation to fulfil the requirement of being indusrtialized nation?. Well, having the existence of technical & vocational institution are mainly to produce hands on skills on students as well as to develop them to become a part of industrialized nation. In developing our country , technical & vocational school has come to existence to give students opportunity to choose skills that can be learned. This research is carried out to find out the advantages of having technical & vocational institution in Malaysia. Besides that, this research to investigate the effectiveness of having this kind of school in our country and ways to improve vocational & technical education system. 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH This research is carried out to provide awareness of the existence of technical and vocational institution as well as to introduce the importances of this institution. Nowadays, we are facing problem that this kind of institution is out of date and is lacking systematically and also having doubts whether it is meeting the current industrial needs in the country. Therefore, this research is carried out to introduce and emphasized on the importance of this institution. The background of this research is based on its development. The formal technical and vocational education system under the Ministry of Education starts at the upper secondary level, where there are 70 secondary vocational schools with an enrolment of 33,751 students and nine secondary technical schools having a total 5,339 students. The secondary vocational schools offer a course structure that covers the same core subjects as in other upper secondary academic schools. In addition to these core subjects, the vocational school students select a group of vocational subjects in accordance with the vocational course following. Vocational studies make up about 50 percent of the total course content in the secondary vocational school. Based in nature and technical subjects offered are less practical in nature. Technical studies make up only about 17 per cent of the total course content in the secondary technical school. At the post-secondary level there are six polytechnics with a student population of 15, 000 with about 12,000 students undergoing courses at the certificate level and 3,000 students at the diploma level. The objective of the polytechnics is to produce trained manpower at the semi-profesional level in various areas of engineering and commerce. At the certificate level about 80 percent of the students are following engineering courses. Female students make up about 25 percent of the total student population. Some examples of training government agencies are MARA- skills training institutes Ministry of Youth and Sport – Youth Training Centres and Ministry of Welfare Services- Training Centres. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Statement of problems: 1. It shows that lately technical & vocational institution is out of date. 2. Students mainly are not aware of the avantages of technical & vocational institution. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This researh method to meet the following objectives: * To investigate the importances of technical & vocational institution. * To find out ways to improve tecnical & vocational education system. 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTION The following research question is translated in order to meet the research objective. * Which is the importance of technical & vocational institution?. * What is the implication to students on the importance of having technical & vocational institution?. 1. 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of the study is to help students and teacher to indentify the importance of having technical & vocational institutons. Vocational and technical education is important because not everyone should be expected to take the path of going to a university and getting a university degree. Some people prefer to take a non-academic path because this is where their passion and interests lies. As such, having a good vocational and technical training and education program is important to ensure that students who are inclined towards these sectors have a respectable channel to pursue skills in this area. In Malaysia, making the pursuit of these skills is one of the ways to reduce school dropout rates and to increase the skills and earning power of those who do not lean towards the academic arena. Most students graduate without actually obtaining a real tertiary education, and the good students also suffer because the intellectual discourse that is supposed to happen in classes never materializes. This is a truly unfortunate side effect of the governments drive to produce more graduates. Enrollment criteria into universities get lowered every year because of the competition to get students at all costs, so quality suffers even more. 1. 6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research covers only students from Universiti Industri Selangor ( UNISEL ) where the research was conducted to find out the results and point of views regarding the topic of research. Besides that, the research only covers students aged between 18 to 25 years old for oipinions and point of view on the matter of the topic. The research also covers only soe student from technical & vocatioanal school. 1. 7 CONCLUSION. This chapter gives brief explaination, definition on the background of the study where researcher aim to investigate the mportance of technical & vocational institution and the affectiveness of having this kind of school in our country as well to support our country to become and industrilized country. This chapter also gives the background of the study and significance of the study. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Literature review comprises of related literature which is definition of topic, a general overview, advantages and also types of technical & vocational institution. In this chapter it shows the types of technical institution available. Besides that, the current importance is shown in the advantages as well as the implication of the topic. The variations of institution is also mentioned in this chapter to give clear view of the types of school available, thus emphasizing on the importance of this research. 2. 2 RELATED LITERATURE 2. 2. 1- Definition of technical and vocational institution. 2. 2. 2- Advantages of technical & vocatioanal institution. 2. 2. 3- Types of technical & vocational institution. 2. 2. 1 DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION Tecnique means a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills. Besides that, it is the skill with which somebody is able to do something practical. ( Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7 Ed, 2006). Institution on the hand is defined as a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or school. In this case, institution is a place where it serves the need of educating technical skills as well as basic subjects to students. While cited in the web Wikipedia, vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE), prepares learners for jobs that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or technology. 2. 2. 2 ADVANTAGES OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION In this chapter, researcher will be emphasizing in the advantages of technical & vocational institution. Nowadays,not everyone should be expected to take a path of going to University and getting a university degree. Therefore, having technical & vocational institution is to ensure that students who are inclined towrd these sector ( technical & vocational ) have a respectable channel to persue skills in this area which is to technical & vocational scholls as well as institution. Besides that, having technical and vocational school is to reduce school dropout  rates and to increase the skills and earning power of those who do not learn toward academic area. These students will have quality hands on skills and is useful in providing them job opportunity in future especially in the techinical industry. Students also are abe to develop their skills as well make use of it in the current development. On the other hand, some student are able to study basic subjects and favoured skills as they want to. This increase the capability of learning and creats creatve individuals for the nation. Besides being a stepping stone, yhis hands on students in developng skill and providing job opportunity. Iit also produces active quality manpower in the country 2. 2. 3 TYPES OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Technical and vocational institution is diveded into two levels first is the upper secondary level (Form 4 and Form 5) is the level where technical and vocational education formally commences. Here, the technical and vocational schools offer the same core subjects as normal academic schools. These cover several core subjects for the languages, mathematics, and sciences but in addition the students are required to take selected technical and vocational subjects from a group of several different options. Secondary Technical Vocational School has 3 streams for selection which includes:Technical Stream, Vocational Stream and Skill Training Stream. Upon completing 2 years of studies at this level, the technical or vocational school students are required to sit for the common public examination called the Malaysia Certificate of Education or Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination similar to those academic school students from the secondary academic schools. However students from the Skill Training stream will sit for Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia* (Malaysian Skill Certificate) after which a government skill qualification is awarded for Level 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5. The higher level is Technical and Vocational Education at Post Secondary Level – This post-secondary level of technical education, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education, comprises the following public institutions: Polytechnics, Community Colleges, Technical University Colleges and Public Universities. There are currently 19 polytechnics in the country conducting technical and vocational education offering 37 diploma and 26 certificate programmes covering study areas like engineering, commerce, food technology, marine, hospitality and Design. Community Colleges were first established by the government in the year 2000 with the primary objective of providing alternative skill training and education for secondary school leavers and those who have left the formal education system. In order to upgrade the image and professional level of technical and vocational education due to the increasing importance of employment in the industrial sectors, the government has, since 1999, set up 5 technical university colleges to focus on higher technical education offering engineering and related technical programmes designed to produce graduates with strong theoretical and cognitive knowledge and who possess high competency in application skills. They are:Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia ,Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn,Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia,Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia and Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan & Teknologi Malaysia. There are currently a total of 17 public universities in the country which is inclusive of the abovementioned 5 technical university colleges. Besides the 5 specialist technical universities colleges, many of the regular public universities, particularly the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia offer many technical and technological as well as engineering programmes leading to diploma and degree qualifications. In the meantime, as for technician/sub-professional and craft-level courses, the government training agencies which are involved in conducting training for student trainees include the Ministry of Human Resources. These agencies carry out the programmes through Industrial Training Institutes, MARA, under the Ministry of Entrepreneur Development, through the Skills Training Institutes, the Ministry of Youth & Sports through Youth Training Centres, and the Ministry of Welfare Services through its Training Centres. In addition, training is also conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture to produce Junior Agricultural Assistants at the Agricultural Institute. Mention must also be made of the training conducted by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) in various specialised fields for the public and private sectors, as well as training by the National Productivity Centre for the public and private sectors in areas of management and administration. 2. 3 CONCLUSION This chapter gives explaination, definition, development as well as the importance of technical & vocational institution. This chapter comprises of variety of institution available and its fuction as well it effect n education system. Besides that,his chapter involves the development of institution from establishment to the current development. The importance which is the advantages is clearly in this chapter to match the objective of the research. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION This research attempts to investigate the importance of technical and vocational institution. This chapter outlines the methodologies engaged in the research. This chapter is extremely important as it determines the success or failure of this research whereby it takes into account of the methodology and procedure used by the researchers to get the necessary and wealthy information. 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN In this research, the researchers have chosen to use a qualitative approach in order to collect data. In this research, a set of questionnaires will be administered to a selected number of people. This step is necessary for the researchers to gather the necessary data and submit the findings in a form of report. The data or information obtained from the questionnaire administered will be interpreted in Chapter 4. 3. 3 POPULATION AND SAMPLES The sample of this research will mainly be university students specifically University Industri Selangor (UNISEL) students. The sample will be approximately 20 students. The students will comprise of both male and female students from all races. The subjects will be randomly picked comprising of students with different point of view. 3. 4 INSTRUMENTATION In this research, the instrumentation would be in the form questionnaire. The instrument is revised for its clarity and importance towards the research. The questionnaire will be given to each student. It aims to research on how to improve the technical and vocational education system and make it up to date as well as to research on the importance of this institution in education. Besides that, the questionnaire is to gain opinions and suggestions from the public. 3. 4. 1 QUESTIONNAIRE The student was given a set of questionnaire comprising of 8 closed-ended questions and 2 open-ended question. The questionnaire is used to save time as the result of the questionnaire is easy to be evaluated. The questionnaire is formed in respond of Yes or No answers. The students need to choose and tick or circle the options accordingly. 3. 5 DATA ANALYSIS This research will be analysed using the results of questionnaire carried out the with the university students. The data will then be analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) computer software that enables the researchers to do many types of statistical analyses. The percentage of questionnaire results will be analysed and calculated through this software. Then, the researchers will make references based on the statistical analyses. This allows the researchers to have a better quality of research outcomes. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will mention the results of questionnaire after they are analysed and calculated. The data collected is based on the qualitative approach. The data presented will include the total of 20 samples (students). The questionnaire will be further analysed according to 10 different questions given. 4. 2 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS. In this section, the data with references to the topic of the research has been collected by distributing 20 set of questionnaires to the university students. The feedbacks and responses from the students have been positive for the researchers to draw a certain conclusion. 4. 2. 1 Q1 The first question in the questionnaire is â€Å"Are you aware of the existence of technical and vocational school? † The question’s objective is to find out whether students are aware of this kind of school’s existence. Based on the questionnaire results, the 20 students who took the survey comprises of 20 samples with different answers. The results is that almost 95% of the students answered yes, and are aware of the existence of this type of institution while 5% of the students were not aware of the existence of this type of institution. This shows that mostly Students are aware of the existence of this type of institution. 4. 2. 2 Q2 The second question in the questionnaire is â€Å"Is technical and vocational institution beneficial? † This question is aimed to find out the importance of this type of institution. Almost 85% of the students agreed that this type of school is beneficial. While 15% of the students did not agree that this institutions were beneficial. This result shows clearly that students in majority agreed that this institution is giving advantages while minority have doubts on its advantages. 4. 2. 3 Q3 The third question is â€Å"Does it helps develop skills? †This question is to determine whether the main medium in this school will help students develop skills. 90% of the response agreed that it develop skills while 10% of the responses found that attending this school does not help develop skills. 4. 2. 4 Q4 & Q5 The fourth and fifth questions in the questionnaire are inter-related to each other. Question 4 â€Å"Is technical & vocational education up to date? †60% of the students agreed that it was not up to date while only 40% agreed that it was up to date. Question 5 is â€Å"Is it efficient in training skills? † Only 39% agreed that it is efficient while 61% agreed that it was not efficient. This proves that the efficiency of its productivity has link with the current development of this type of institutions. . 4. 2. 5 Q6 & Q7 The sixth question in the questionnaire and the seventh question is inter-related too. â€Å"Is it necessary to have vocational & technical education system? The results was 90% agreed it is necessary while 10% agreed the other way around. Question seventh is â€Å"Do you think Malaysian vocational & technical institution meets the current industrial need? † 40% think it meets the current industrial need while 60% disagree with it. This shows that in question sixths result that it is important to have this type of institution. 4. 2. 6 Q8 The eight question is â€Å"Does it help proving job opportunity in future? † this question aims to prove one of its advantages. 85% agreed that it helps providing job chances while 15% disagree it help in providing job opportunity. This shows that it is important to have this type of institution for students in our country. 4. 2. 7 Q9 & Q10. The ninth and the final question in this questionnaire is an open-ended question which is â€Å"In your opinion, what benefit does technical & vocational school provides? and â€Å"Suggestions on ways to improve vocational and technical education system†. This final question is to give the students a chance to express their idea or suggestion. Based on the suggestions given, most of the students feel that the main benefit is it develops in training students skills. Besides that, it also provides job opportunity to students and it gives student who are not academically successful an opportunity to excel in a different field of study. The suggestions given was more focused in upgrading the system, the facilities, the study tool, the learning environment as well as the materials in order for Malaysia to take a step forward in industrial development as well as vision 2020. 4. 3 SUMMARY Based on the data collected and using SPSS for the questionnaire, there are more advantages than the disadvantages of having this type of school. Besides that, the importance of technical & vocational institution is that it is the current demand of the era that each country produces its own manpower and nation with good quality skills which is useful for the development of the country. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION & SUGGESSTION 5. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter incorporates the last aspect of the research which is the most important part of the research. The first section of the chapter will cover the survey of the findings which is based on the main findings. The second section is on implication and suggestion or recommendation. The third section is on the final summary or the conclusion of this survey. 5. 2 SURVEY OF FINDINGS Based on the main findings, it clearly shows that students mostly almost all the students are aware of the importance of the technical & vocational institution. Besides that, in building an industrialized nation we have to be aware of the importance keeping and upgrading this type of school to its best level. In a nutshell, there are loads of advantages having and attending technical & vocational school. 5. 3 IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION According to the suggestions gathered through the survey, the students strongly agrees that the institution to be upgraded and improved both in its syllabus and also education system to provide conducive learning to take place. Besides that, the skills taught should be inclined with the industries upgrading demand. 5. 4 CONCLUSION In fulfilling the vision 2020, our country of all parties should upgrade its education system. Besides that, having technical and vocational skills is not just as a place for students who are not successful in academic but it should be an institution which produces good quality skilled professionals in future. It should also be a stepping stone for every student attending this school in obtaining better jobs in future. The importance of technical and vocational school is clearly aware by students. Therefore, this institution should be taken seriously into consideration by students as it provides extra knowledge as well as helps develop hands on skill in students. This institution has a great advantage in the industry especially in producing and moulding new generation with certified skills therefore each and every nation should support its development and existence. In a nutshell, everyone should play a major role in keeping the importance of this technical and vocational institution and also support its function in education to make it more efficient. REFERENCES http//:www. wikipedia. com http//:www. studymalaysia. com. my Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7 Ed, 2006 RESEARCH: THE IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION NAME: Susanthi Rani Rajoo 4091008981 Noorfara Ashikin Ahmad Tarmizi 4091009991 Alyani Mohd Radzi 4091009561 Lisa Mastura Muhd Zahid Poh4073010421 GROUP: 1A SUBJECT: Philosophy and Development of Education Industry In Malaysia LECTURER: Mr Baghawi PROGRAMME: Bachelor Of Education (Hons)(TESL) FACULTY: Faculty Of Education and Language Studies.